Sarnath, located a few kilometers from Varanasi, is a place of immense historical, cultural, and spiritual importance in India. Among its many treasures, the Dhamek Stupa stands out as a symbol of Buddhist heritage and a must-visit attraction. If you’re planning a trip to Sarnath for the first time, here’s everything you need to know about this iconic monument.
About Dhamek Stupa
The Dhamek Stupa is a massive cylindrical structure made of brick and stone, built in 500 CE to replace an earlier structure commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in 249 BCE. It marks the exact spot where Lord Buddha delivered his first sermon after attaining enlightenment, setting the Wheel of Dharma in motion.
Standing at a height of 43.6 meters with a diameter of 28 meters, the stupa is a marvel of ancient Buddhist architecture. Its intricately carved stone panels, featuring floral patterns and inscriptions in Brahmi script, make it a visual delight for history enthusiasts and spiritual seekers.
The Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath is surrounded by fascinating ruins that provide a glimpse into the ancient Buddhist monastic complex that once thrived in this sacred area. These ruins include remnants of monasteries, temples, and other structures that highlight the historical and spiritual significance of Sarnath as one of the major centers of Buddhism. Here are the key ruins around the Dhamek Stupa:
1. Monastery Ruins
The ruins of ancient monasteries surround the Dhamek Stupa and represent the living quarters for Buddhist monks who studied and meditated in Sarnath. These structures were built in brick and include rectangular layouts with central courtyards.
Significance: These monasteries were places of learning and spiritual practice, often housing monks who came from across the Indian subcontinent to study Buddha’s teachings.
Features: The remains of cells, assembly halls, and pathways can still be seen.
2. Ashokan Pillar Base
A broken fragment of the famous Ashokan Pillar stands near the Dhamek Stupa. While the original pillar’s top portion, including the Lion Capital, is now housed in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum, its base remains in situ.
Historical Relevance: The pillar was erected by Emperor Ashoka in 249 BCE to commemorate the spread of Buddhism.
Inscription: The pillar bears inscriptions in Brahmi script, which advocate adherence to Buddhist principles and non-violence.
3. Mulgandha Kuti Temple Ruins
This ancient temple is believed to be the spot where Lord Buddha meditated during his time in Sarnath. While the modern Mulgandha Kuti Vihara temple stands nearby, the ruins of the original temple offer a sense of its grandeur.
Features: Remnants of a grand structure with a raised platform and stairs leading to what was likely a meditation hall.
Significance: It highlights the reverence of the site as a meditative retreat for monks.
4. Stupa Bases and Small Shrines
The area surrounding Dhamek Stupa has the remains of smaller stupas and shrines that were constructed over time by devotees and rulers.
Purpose: These were likely used as places for meditation and housing relics of the Buddha.
Design: Some of these stupas are built in circular or square patterns, typical of Buddhist architecture.
5. Ananda Bodhi Tree Site
A descendant of the original Bodhi tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment was planted in Sarnath by Emperor Ashoka. Near the ruins, the Ananda Bodhi Tree is a significant site for meditation and reflection.
Symbolism: It represents enlightenment, peace, and the eternal presence of Buddha’s teachings.
6. Assembly Hall Ruins
Close to the stupa are the remains of an ancient assembly hall, which was used for communal gatherings, teachings, and discussions on Buddhist doctrines.
Features: The ruins indicate a large open space, surrounded by walls and possibly pillars to support a roof.
Purpose: It served as a hub for intellectual and spiritual exchange among monks and visitors.
7. Chaukhandi Stupa (Nearby)
While not directly part of the Dhamek Stupa complex, the Chaukhandi Stupa is located a short distance away. This stupa marks the spot where Lord Buddha first met his five disciples after attaining enlightenment.
Features: The stupa has a rectangular base and was later crowned with an octagonal tower by Mughal Emperor Humayun in the 16th century.
8. Excavated Pathways and Wells
Archaeological excavations around the Dhamek Stupa have uncovered ancient pathways and wells that were used by monks and visitors. These structures highlight the functional aspects of the monastic complex.
Why is Dhamek Stupa Significant?
Historical Importance: The stupa is where Lord Buddha shared the principles of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path with his five disciples, marking the origin of Buddhism.
Ashokan Legacy: Emperor Ashoka, a devoted follower of Buddhism, built this stupa as part of his efforts to propagate Buddha’s teachings across his empire.
Architectural Grandeur: The stupa’s blend of Mauryan and Gupta styles demonstrates the evolution of Indian architecture.
Spiritual Relevance: For Buddhists, the Dhamek Stupa is one of the holiest sites, attracting pilgrims from all over the world to meditate and pay homage.
How to Reach Dhamek Stupa
Sarnath is easily accessible from Varanasi.
By Air: The nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport, about 25 km from Sarnath.
By Train: The closest railway station is Varanasi Junction, around 10 km away. From there, you can take a taxi or a local bus to reach Sarnath.
By Road: Sarnath is located about 10 km from Varanasi, and you can hire an auto-rickshaw, taxi, or bus to get there.
What to Expect During Your Visit
Exploring the Dhamek Stupa is a captivating experience. The carvings of geometric designs, lotus flowers, and human figures on the stupa’s surface reflect Buddhist teachings. Walking around the monument offers a sense of peace and connection to its spiritual history.
Nearby, the Sarnath Archaeological Museum is home to artifacts excavated from the site, including the famous Lion Capital of Ashoka, which is now India’s national emblem.
Other notable attractions in the area include the Chaukhandi Stupa, marking the place where Buddha met his disciples, and Mulagandha Kuti Vihar, a modern temple with beautiful frescoes depicting Buddha’s life. Don’t miss the sacred Bodhi Tree, a descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Dhamek Stupa is during the winter months, from November to February, when the weather is pleasant and suitable for exploring.
Special occasions like Buddha Purnima offer a unique opportunity to experience the spiritual energy of the place. Additionally, meditation sessions led by local monks provide visitors with a deeper connection to Buddha’s teachings.
Dhamek Stupa is not just a historical monument but a beacon of spiritual enlightenment and peace. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a spiritual seeker, or a curious traveler, a visit to this sacred site is an unforgettable experience.